BANNERS PRODUCED DURING THE HISTORIC REFERENDUM

The following banners were produced during the referendum in 2005 by the AJF....

Anyanya One should be a lesson to South Sudan

By Peter Kleto Oyoyo A few years after the August 18, 1955 Torit mutiny led by the late hero Maj Gen Emedio Tafeng Odongi, Southern politicians in the personalities of the late heroes Joseph Oduho and Fr. Saturlino Ohure,Aggrey Jaden Luwani and others fled the country for Uganda. While in Kampala, Joseph Oduho and Fr. Saturlino Ohure founded the Sudan Christian Association (SCA). They moved to Kinshasha as their relations with the Obote’s regime was not going smoothly, and in the Congo, they founded the Sudan National Close Districts and were joined by William Deng Nhial from Bahr el Gazal. They returned to Kampala in 1963 and while in there, they participated in the formation of the Sudan African Nation Union (SANU) and SCA was absorbed into SANU which later under pressure by the British government accepted the publication of the Voice of Southern Sudan in London. A good number of sources indicated that the failure of SANU as a political party was caused by differences in the personalities of its leaders and its lack of foundation in the Sudan. August 19, 1963 Joseph Oduho held a meeting at his house in Kampala with a half dozen southerners including Joseph Lagu and the late Fr. Ohure. The purpose of the meeting was to form a revolution. In the course of the meeting, Fr. Ohure proposed the movement to be named the Sudan Pan-African Freedom Fighters (SPAFF). He thought this would appeal to pan-african leaders like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya and others. But others at the meeting suggested for a more legitimate indigenous name that would appealed to African Southerners like the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya or the Maji Maji in Tanzania. From the 7-14 of October, 1963, they conducted their convention at Silver Hotel in Kampala, which resulted to the election of Aggrey Jaden as president and Philip Pedak as vice-president of the would be movement. My reliable sources have informed me that Aggrey Jaden beat Oduho by only one vote. Joseph Oduho upon hearing the result decided to quit the party to forming the Azanian Liberation Front calling for southern secession from the North. One would love to know as to why a true nationalist like Joseph Oduho took such a drastic decision? No one knows the real reason but I recommend readers to consult Joseph Lagu because he was present when the election took place. The quitting of movements to form new ones by the Anyanya I leadership supported by differences in personalities in my view is part of the grand failures of the movement’s leadership to unite South Sudanese under one umbrella for a common objective. These misunderstandings were also illustrated during the entire session of the round table conference organized by the Kalifa government to address the Southern question. Unfortunately, the negotiation was being dragged down by suspicions, factional disputes and personal differences among southerners, and manipulation on the other hand by northerners. SANU was represented by two rival delegations, one inside the Sudan and the other outside in exile. The one inside was headed by William Deng Nhial who advocated for federation and unity of the Sudan, SANU outside was led by Elia Lupe, and was composed of the leaders of the Azanian Liberation Front, Fr. Saturlino Ohure, Joseph Oduho and Aggrey Jaden who had split from the SANU to form the rival Sudan African Liberation Front advocating for a complete independence of South Sudan. This proposal for a complete independence called by SANU in exile was rejected by the regime and by all of the northern political forces in Khartoum in front of the observer countries namely, Uganda, Kenya, Ghana, Tanzania, Egypt, Algeria and Nigeria. Federation could have been accepted as it was not only called by Southerners but by also the Beja people in the East and was seen by the majority of the Sudanese as the only viable strategy for the smooth running of the country. That is why the Beja Congress which calls for the federation was formed. Those who called for the total independence of the South left Khartoum to continue with their rebel activities. Aggrey Jaden as president upon returning back appointed Maj Gen Emedio Tafeng Odongi as Commander In Chief of the Anyanya forces with Lagu as its Chief of Staff. It is now clear from this stage in Sudan’s history that the call for separation of South Sudan from North was and still is not a southern making but a northern one. No south Sudanese would call for separation if all of the successive regimes were seeing them as human beings like them who deserve to be treated with due respect and dignity by giving them freedom to exercise their human rights in all types of spheres. It is also necessary at this point to remember Anyanya Ones’s main reason for waging an armed struggle against the oppressive regime in Khartoum. It is widely known by many that their main reason for waging that protracted war was almost limited to demands for job opportunities in the civil service sphere. Opportunities which were denied to them by the ruling clique in Khartoum. A case in question was the Sudanisation stage in 1955, whereby 800 jobs were Sudanised and southerners only demand for 40 positions out of the total. The result was that they got only 6. Jobs were relegated to southerners, the expulsion of Christian missionaries from south in 1962. These reasons forced the Anyanya One to call for the chapter of self-determination in their movement’s manifesto that calls for an internationally supervise referendum for the people of South Sudan to choose between unity and separation. Such war ended with an agreement in Addis Ababa in 1972 between the South Sudan Liberation Movement and the Numeiry’s government. The agreement was aborted few days from the date in which it was sign and no convincing explanation was given by the Numeiry’s government for the abrogation of the agreement. After the signing of the Addis Ababa agreement of 1972 and the establishment of regional government in South Sudan, many remnants of the Anyanya One were not satisfied with both the provisions and the implementation procedures of the agreement. A good number of Anyanya soldiers were left in limbo without job opportunities, the issue of real equal sharing of resources and wealth, the issue of true equality under the law were of important concern to the movement and to the masses of South Sudan in general. A group of dissidents, along with remnants from the Anyanya movement mutinied in Akobo and is also known as the Akobo incident of 1975. This was the emergence of a second liberation movement known as Anyanya II led by Vincent Kuany. The group left for Ethiopia in the same year to establish a military camp which came to be known as Bilpam. The group of Samuel Gai Tut and Akuot Atem followed by that of Cdrs. Gordon Koang, Gabriel Tanginya, William Abdalla Chol, Paulino Matip Nhial, and others were the leaders of the movement. Their objective was to fight for the independence of Southern Sudan. It is worth mentioning that their movement’s manifesto submitted to the Ethiopian government was rejected as it was incompatible with the government policy which articulates unity in diversity and not separation and that of Organization of African Policy which prohibited any movement that calls for the split of the country. A good number of South Sudanese were not conscious about the terms of the Addis Ababa agreement as it was not given to be owned by the people. Any agreement that is not owned by the people will not be defended by the people as John Adam’s (former American President) stated that “Liberty cannot be preserved without general knowledge among the people” (pacta sunt servanda= agreements should be kept). Thank God the SPLM/A came to the rescue of the dishonored agreement and continue with the bigger vision for the liberation of the marginalised in the whole of the Sudan instead of South Sudan alone. “Thanks to both unionists and separatists”. In conclusion, I call upon the people of South Sudan to stand tall against anything that aims to divide and corrupt us in all times. Brethren, this new nation is a father us, a mother to us, a grand parents to us, and finally a country to us. Let us all put our hands together and do what is right. No one will develop this beautiful nation apart concerned citizens in the personalities of you and I.

A SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF THE LATE AGGREY JADEN LUWANI

Biography of Late Aggrey Jaden. Aggrey Jaden was born in 1924 at Loka Round. His Clan is "Nyamuding" under Chief Elia Kundu(Now Lainya Payam). The name Jaden is not a Pojulu name. During Aggrey's birth day, there was a British Officer by the name "Jaden"; Aggrey's father Ladu Wani was working under his command as a soldier in British Army and he was a friend to Jaden's father. Due to the impact of military, there was respect at their family. For this reason, he grow up very respectful and honest boy among his brothers and sisters. One of his characteristics, he was "Extraordinary" in all aspects of life. His brothers are: Zacharia Kitabari(Father of Honorable John Zacharia), Doka, Yacobu Fibo. Aggrey was after Fibo. In 1936, 12 years after his birth, he went to Village School called "Luka Village School". That was from 1936 - 1938. He was first in his class by "Distinction" during the two years at the Village School. After that, he was admitted to "Yei Primary School". That was from 1938 - 1940. He performed well and was admitted to "Loka Intermediate School(now Loka Secondary School) up to 1944. Because of his "hard work", he was admitted to "Nabumali Secondary School" in Uganda. After completing his studies at Nabumali, he sat for Com-bridge Secondary School Certificate at the Standard of East Africa and performed well. He was then admitted to Gordon Memorial College(Now Khartoum University), College of Economics. In 1952, he graduated. He was the first "Southerner" to graduate from Gordon Memorial College. His Early Life. In 1939 according to traditions during Christmas, all Chiefs of "Yei River District"(now Yei County) were to come together for Christmas; bring with them their intelligent boys; among them Aggrey Jaden participated in reading Bible. He was able to quot verses from Acts of Apostles. He become first in reading Bible and was given (5 rolls of Cotton Cloth Dumuria). His Chief Elia Kundu was then promoted to high post among the Chiefs of Yei River Districts. His family. His wife was late Sara Reja from 'Ngihiga of Loka. He had eight children: 1. Richard Aggrey Jaden (Died buried in Kampala). 2. Dr. Alex Losuba Aggrey Jaden (At Khartoum) 3. Monica Aggrey Jaden ( At khartoum) 4. Sunday Aggrey Jaden ( At Nairobi Kenya) 5. Michael Aggrey Jaden (At USA) 6. Kennedy Agrrey Jaen ( At Juba) 7. Dr. Peter Ladu Aggrey Jaden ( At Mombasa Kenya) 8. Mamaami Baby (Deased buried in Juba) His Political Life. He started politics when he was in Gordon Memorial College. He participated in College Activities e.g Cultural Weeks and writing of "Wall Newspapers". In 1953, one year after his graduation, there was coup in Egypt by "Jamal Abdel Nasir". He over threw King Farouk of Egypt. Then a delegation travel-led from Sudan from "UMMA PARTY" lead by Abdal Al-Rahiman Al-Mahdi. From "DUP", the delegation was lead by "Ali Said Margani". Both of them were taking "Memos". UMMA was demanding full Independent of Sudan, while DUP was demanding Union with Egypt. At last, Jamal Abdel Nasir agreed to give Sudan Independent. Aggrey then started to "OPPOSE" the two mentioned parties. The reason for this was because there was no consideration for "South Sudan", no development and Northern Sudan had developed than South. He then formed a party called "South Front". The party was demanding for "Federalism System" in the whole of Sudan. By that time Southerners knew nothing about Independent of Sudan. On 19 December 1954, the Independent of Sudan was declared at the Parliament. Then Jaden presented a memo to Government of Sudan, refusing the Independent of Sudan. But the Government did not give any consideration to his memo. Jaden then "PREDICTED" for something that if the Government did not respect or consider the memo, there will be a Rebel Movement. His prediction came a reality on 18 Aug.1955; ANYANYA was formed. After his graduation, he was appointed as "Inspector" of local government at Al-Fashir(Darfur), that was in 1953. In the end of December 1955, the government sent to all INSPECTORS all over Sudan to come and attend the rising of Sudan Flag in Khartoum. Government also sent a memo to all administration to rise Sudan Flag at morning of 01-01-1956. Aggrey refused to come to Khartoum according to authorities request. At the same time, he refused to rise Sudan Flag on that day. He also absented himself from work, saying he was sick. A doctor was sent to examine him with a security personal. According to the report by the doctor, he was found not sick. The government then demoted him from post of "Inspector" to the post of "Managing Director". He was then transferred to Malakal(Renk) in 1956. At Malakal, he was discouraged from his work. For short time, he asked for holiday without pay. He then travel-led to Juba. From Juba to his father's home at Loka Round, then to Uganda. Aggrey also worked at Torit in 1954; Juba 1955. At East Africa, he established SANO PARTY, as a Political Wing and Military Wing was called Southern Sudan Liberation Movement(SSLM). When government of Aboud fall in Oct.1964, it was considered as one of bad government at that time. It used all ways against Southerners, including forcing Southerners to "ISLAM". Aboud government did not present any political pro-gramme. In 1964, government of Sir Al-Khatim declared general forgiveness for anybody who took weapons against government. It called for round table Conference in Khartoum from 16-23 March.1965.. All the political parties were called to come and attend this "Conference". In the conference, committee was formed composing of 12 Members lead by Late Benjamin Lwoki (Pojulu by tribe). He was Minister of Local Government. Recommendation of the Committee were: 1. Self government for Southern Sudan. 2. Building of University in South. 3. Construction of Schools and Hospitals in South. 4. Building of Juba Brigde. But Jaden refused all these mentioned recommendations and he demanded "Self determination for Southern Sudan". After his speech, he left the conference to assist Late William Deng and travel-led to Nairobi. William Deng was not serious as Jaden and those people (Arabs or Northerners) misled him (Deng). Jaden continue to struggle in Kenya and was appointed as Director of Railway Line in Kenya. Jaden and the Government of Jaffar Mohammed Numeri. In the year 1972, government of Jaffar Numeri and Joseph Lagu signed an Agreement. But Jaden did not participate in it(Lagu marginalized Jaden). Lagu and Numeri then planned against Aggrey by taking all his documents from his wife in Kenya. Of course Aggrey could not continue there as a Refuge, he then come back to Sudan. He arrived Khartoum and then to Juba. At Juba Airport, he put off his shoes and took "MUTUKELI" (Tyre shoes). The Government of "Abel Alier" issued a decree appointing him as "Director for Rural Development". He(Jaden) refused the Post. By refusing this post, he was "Chased out of Government House". He then build a "Shelter" at his brother's House (Yacobo Fibo). All the time he spend in Juba, he was "walking on foot". He never used car. If anybody wants to pick him by his/her car, he used to respond by saying that it was better for him to walk on foot (If you take him today who will bring him back). In Juba, he never bought anything from shops of "ARABS". He never greeted them by "HAND" or "WORD". When government of South realized that there was pressure from citizen concerning Aggrey, they sent him a cheque of Ls 25,000.00 to hotel him. But he refused that cheque. He replied or told the government, you are sending me this "Cheque", did you sent the same cheque to all "Southerners" (Owen-er of money). He told Abel and Lagu that he will die as his mother gave birth to him. Point of View from Northerners. In April 1942, the "National Movement" pointed out that: 1. South Sudan was/is part of Sudan and it can not be "SEPARATED" from Northern Sudan. 2. All the siege or closed areas should be opened. But all Northerners were asking what did Southerners want exactly. These questions have two answers:- • Either this South was/is part of Northern Sudan Land without people. For this reason, they were asking when should they give us answer. They claim that they discovered South Sudan and is responsible for all its resources. • Southern Sudan which is known at that time according to Memo given to Harot Mark, the three states were Upper Nile, Bahr El- Ghazal and Mangalla which is Equatoria. After all these opinions, Southerners did not disagree between Abdal Rahman Sule, amuslim and Stanclous a Catholic and Benjamin Lwoki a Evangelism. Aggrey Jaden died in khartoum in 1985 when he was brought for "treatment" and his body was brought for burial at Loka, his home Village. These information were compiled by SAM LAKI...